1. Arteriosclerotic hemorrhage and occlusion
2. Cerebellopontine angle tumors (Cushing syndrome II)
3. Encephalitis, acute
4. Fisher syndrome (ophthalmoplegia-ataxia areflexia syndrome)
5. Giant-cell arteritis (Hutchinson-Horton-Magath-Brown syndrome)
6. Kiloh-Nevin syndrome (ocular myeomyopathy)
7. Midbrain tumors
8. Multiple sclerosis (rare)
9. Mucormycosis
10. Ohaha syndrome (ophthalmoplegia, hypotonia, ataxia hypacusis, athetosis)
11. Orbital abscess
12. Parinaud syndrome (conjunctiva-adenitis syndrome)
13. Retrobulbar block complication
14. Rochon-Duvigneaud syndrome (superior orbital fissure syndrome)
15. Rollet syndrome (orbital apex-sphenoidal syndrome)
16. Syphilis (acquired lues)
17. Trauma
18. Wernicke encephalopathies (thiamine deficiency)
19. Whipple disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)

Kaufman LM, et al. Invasive sinonasal polyps causing ophthalmoplegia, exophthalmos, and visual field loss. Ophthalmology 1989; 96:1667-1672.

McKusick VA. Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 12th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Hospital Press, 1998.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Sergott RC, et al. Simultaneous, bilateral diabetic ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmology 1984; 91:18-22.