1. Abiotrophy-specific for one particular tissue, bilateral, symmetric

2. Amyloidosis (Lubarsch-Pick syndrome)

3. Aneurysm of internal carotid artery (foramen lacerum syndrome)

4. Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome (familial hypolipoproteinemia)

5. Bee sting

6. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

7. Congenital and familial

8. Diabetes mellitus (Willis disease)

9. Diphtheria

10. Epidemic encephalitis

11. Friedreich ataxia

12. Garcin syndrome (Schmincke tumor unilateral cranial paralysis)

13. Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

14. Jacod syndrome (petrosphenoidal space syndrome)

15. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (ophthalmoplegic retinal degeneration syndrome)

16. Mumps

17. Myasthenia gravis (Erb-Goldflam syndrome)

18. Myotonic dystrophy (Curschmann-Steinert syndrome)

19. Myositis

20. Nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn

21. Nothnagel syndrome (ophthalmoplegia-cerebellar ataxia syndrome)

22. Oculopharyngeal syndrome (progressive muscular dystrophy with ptosis and dysphagia)

23. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy III (with retinal degeneration)-dominant

24. Ophthalmoplegia, progressive external, and scoliosis (horizontal gaze paralysis, familial)-recessive

25. Pernicious anemia

26. Polyradiculoneuronitis (Guillain-Barré and Fisher syndromes)

27. Progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome)

28. Pseudotumor (orbital)

29. Refsuma syndrome (heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis syndrome)

30. Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)

31. Shy-Drager syndrome (orthostatic hypotension syndrome)

32. Shy-Gonatas syndrome (accumulation of lipids in muscles simulates gargoylism)

33. Tick paralysis (Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever)

34. Vincristine-may have fifth and seventh nerve and peripheral neuropathies

35. Wernicke encephalopathies (beriberi, thiamine deficiency)

Fassati A, et al. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: a correlative study of quantitative molecular data and histochemical and biochemical profile. J Neurol Sci 1994; 123:140-146.

Marsch SC, Schaefer HG. External ophthalmoplegia after total intravenous anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 525-527.

McKusick VA.Mendelian inheritance in man, 12th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 1998.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.