* 1. Acute lupus erythematosus (Kaposi-Libman-Sacks syndrome)
2. Alcoholism
*3. Allergic conjunctivitis, such as contact with cosmetics or plastic
4. Avitaminosis
5. Carcinoid syndrome
*6. Carotid-cavernous fistula or arteriovenous aneurysm
7. Cavernous sinus thrombosis (Foix syndrome)
8. Conjunctivitis caused by air pollution (smog, dust, or smoke)
*9. Drugs causing conjunctival hyperemia, including the following:

acetohexamide acetylcholine acyclovir adrenal cortex injection adsorbed alcohol aldosterone allobarbital allopurinol alprazolam alseroxylon alseroxylon amithiozone amobarbital compounds and pertussis vaccine antazoline apraclonidine aprobarbital aspirin atropine auranofin aurothioglucose aurothioglycanide barbital beclomethasone belladonna bendroflumethiazide benzalkonium benzthiazide betamethasone bischloroethylnitrosourea (BCND) brimonidine tartrate bupivacaine butalbital butallylonal butethal carbachol carmustine cefaclor cefadroxil cefamandole cefazolin cefonicid cefoperazone ceforanide cefotaxime cefotetan cefoxitin cefsulodin ceftazidime ceftizoxime ceftriaxone cefuroxime cephalexin cephaloglycin cephaloridine cephalothin cephapirin cephradine chloral hydrate chloramphenicol chlordiazepoxide chloroform chloroprocaine chlorothiazide chlorpropamide chlortetracycline chlorthalidone chrysarobin cimetidine cisplatin clindamycin clindamycin clofibrate clonazepam clorazepate colchicine colloidal silver cortisone cyclobarbital cyclopentobarbital cycloserine cyclosporine cyclothiazide cytarabine deferoxamine deserpidine desoxycorticosterone dexamethasone dextran dextrothyroxine diacetylmorphine diatrizoate meglumine and diazepam dicumarol diethylcarbamazine difumarate

diltiazem dimercaprol diphenadione diphtheria and tetanus toxoids disodium clodronate disodium etidronate disodium pamidronate emedastine disopyramide doxorubicin emetine ephedrine erythromycin ether ethotoin ethyl biscoumacetate etidocaine F3T fenoprofen fludrocortisone fluorescein fluorometholone fluprednisolone flurazepam flurbiprofen gentamicin glyburide gold Au gold sodium thiomalate gold sodium thiosulfate griseofulvin halazepam heparin heptabarbital hexethal hexobarbital homatropine hydralazine hydrochlorothiazide hydrocortisone hydroflumethiazide ibuprofen idoxuridine (IDU) indapamide indomethacin interferon iodide and iodine solutions iothalamate meglumine and iothalamic acid ketoprofen levothyroxine lidocaine lincomycin liothyronine liotrix lithium carbonate lorazepam maprotiline measles and rubella virus measles virus vaccine (live) medrysone meperidine mephentermine mephenytoin mephobarbital mepivacaine meprednisone mercuric oxide metaraminol methacholine metharbital methimazole methitural methocarbamol methohexital methoxamine methoxsalen methyclothiazide methyldopa methylprednisolone methylthiouracil metolazone metoprolol metronidazole mianserin midazolam minoxidil morphine moxalactam mumps virus vaccine (live) naproxen nifedipine nitrazepam nitromersol norepinephrine olopatadine HCI

opium oxazepam oxprenolol oxyphenbutazone oxyphenonium paramethasone pentazocine pentobarbital phenacetin phenindione phenobarbital phenoxybenzamine phenprocoumon phenylbutazone phenylephrine phenylmercuric acetate phenylmercuric nitrate pilocarpine piroxicam piroxicam polythiazide practolol prazepam prazosin prednisolone prednisone prilocaine primidone probarbital procaine propoxycaine propranolol propylthiouracil quinethazone radioactive iodides ranitidine rauwolfia serpentina rescinnamine reserpine rifampin rubella and mumps virus rubella virus vaccine (live) scopolamine secobarbital sildenafil citrate silver nitrate silver protein sodium chloride sodium salicylate streptomycin sulfacetamide sulfachlorpyridazine sulfacytine sulfadiazine sulfadimethoxine sulfamerazine sulfameter sulfamethazine sulfamethizole sulfamethoxazole sulfamethoxypyridazine sulfanilamide sulfaphenazole sulfapyridine sulfasalazine sulfathiazole sulfisoxazole syrosingopine talbutal temazepam tetanus immune globulin tetanus toxoid tetracycline thiabendazole thiacetazone thiamylal thimerosal thiopental thiotepa thyroglobulin thyroid tolazamide tolazoline tolbutamide triamcinolone triazolam trichlormethiazide trichloroethylene trifluridine trioxsalen vaccine (live) vancomycin verapamil vidarabine vinbarbital vitamin A

10. Gout (hyperuricemia)
11. Hormone deficiency (estrogenic)
12. Hypothyroidism
13. Irritative follicular conjunctivitis (see p. 193)

 *A. Chemical conjunctivitis because of drugs, including the following:

acenocoumarol acetaminophen acetanilid acetohexamide allobarbital allopurinol alprazolam amobarbital anisindione antazoline antipyrine aprobarbital aspirin barbital bendroflumethiazide benzalkonium benzthiazide butabarbital butalbital butallylonal butethal carbamazepine carbimazole cefaclor cefadroxil cefamandole cefazolin cefonicid cefoperazone ceforanide cefotaxime cefotetan cefoxitin cefsulodin ceftazidime ceftizoxime ceftriaxone cefuroxime cephalexin cephaloglycin cephaloridine cephalothin cephapirin cephradine chloramphenicol chlordiazepoxide chlorothiazide chlorpropamide chlortetracycline chlorthalidone chrysarobin cimetidine cisplatin clofibrate clonazepam clorazepate colloidal silver cyclobarbital cyclopentobarbital cycloserine cyclosporine cyclothiazide cytarabine

dextran diazepam dicumarol diethylcarbamazine diltiazem dimercaprol diphenadione diphtheria and tetanus disopyramide doxorubicin emetine ephedrine ethotoin ethyl biscoumacetate fenoprofen flurazepam flurbiprofen halazepam heparin heptabarbital hexethal hexobarbital hydralazine hydrochlorothiazide hydroflumethiazide ibuprofen indapamide indomethacin interferon iodide and iodine solutions and compounds iothalamate iothalamic acid ketoprofen lithium carbonate lorazepam maprotiline measles and rubella virus vaccine (live) measles virus vaccine (live) meglumine and sodium meperidine mephenytoin mephobarbital metharbital methimazole methitural methocarbamol methohexital methyclothiazide methyldopa methylthiouracil metolazone metronidazole mianserin midazolam minoxidil morphine moxalactam mumps virus vaccine (live) naproxen nifedipine nitrazepam opium oxazepam

oxprenolol oxyphenbutazone oxyphenonium pentazocine pentobarbital phenacetin phenindione phenobarbital phenprocoumon phenylbutazone phenylephrine piroxicam polythiazide practolol prazepam prazosin primidone probarbital propranolol propylthiouracil quinethazone radioactive iodides ranitidine rubella and mumps virus vaccine (live) rubella virus vaccine (live) secobarbital silver nitrate silver protein sodium salicylate streptomycin sulfacetamide sulfachlorpyridazine sulfacytine sulfadiazine sulfadimethoxine sulfamerazine sulfameter sulfamethazine sulfamethizole sulfamethoxazole sulfamethoxypyridazine sulfanilamide sulfaphenazole sulfapyridine sulfasalazine sulfathiazole sulfisoxazole talbutal temazepam tetanus immune globulin tetanus toxoid tetracycline thiamylal thiopental thiotepa tolazamide tolbutamide toxoids and pertussis vaccine triazolam trichlormethiazide trichloroethylene verapamil vinbarbital vitamin A warfarin

 B. Topical drugs that are hypotonic, hypertonic, or in which the pH is above or below 6.9 or a  drug degradation causing chemical irritation
 C. Toxic conjunctivitis because of drugs such as miotics or cycloplegics
 D. Vegetable irritants (e.g., caster bean)

*14. Malignant lymphoma
15. Ophthalmic vein thrombosis
16. Photosensitive conjunctivitis
*17. Polycythemia vera (Vaquez disease)
18. Sjögren syndrome (secretoinhibitor syndrome)
19. Vascular changes

 A. Facial paralysis (see p. 66-68)
 *B. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease)
 C. Petechial hemorrhage of conjunctiva (see p. 206)

Collins JF. Handbook of clinical ophthalmology. New York: Masson, 1982.

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.